Cold Fusion
In 1989 two scientists, Fleishman and Pons, gave the first announcement of a successful cold fusion experiment in a positive way. The international scientific community did not accept in a positive way to their studies. Now the Japanese architect Arata repeated the experiment with great success thus reopening the debate on Cold Fusion.
What is cold fusion? E 'getting a huge amount of energy by using palladio.La amount of energy that would be produced would be spectacular. It fact, according to calculations presented by two scientists in 1989 could be 200 times greater than that which was present in the starting materials. These two scientists were Pons.In Fleishman and that year the two scientists presented their findings to the entire academic world, and also to general public. The amount of energy according to the two that had been produced in the experiment was truly exceptional. Moreover, while serving as a palladium to produce it, it was not as precious as gold. In our world, gold is valued, but the palladium less, because there are a number five times more gold. So it was a reaction expensive, but very feasible, since the amount of energy produced was very large. It is also not created radioactive waste, which generally produced when instead, create problems of disposal. But in the experiment of Pons and Fleishman slag were not planned, and this terrible problem would not place. "Wonderful "Tell the reader. "But unfortunately widespread skepticism in 1989 by a large fraction of the scientific community." I say. And prevent all the possible questions the reader, I reassure him that it was not the first time that the scientific community has drawn up a shadow of doubt on ideas that were accepted then in the future. The people who took out those ideas for the first ended in a quiet oblivion, without any special awards or recognition. Fortunately there was always someone who later brought out by the sands of oblivion their fine minds and calm their genius. But let us return now to Professor Arata. On 22 May 2008 cold fusion worked properly. The credit was Yoshiaki Arata. Professor Arata has dedicated his life to scientific research. 85 years old. On the day May 22, University of Osaka in Japan, at 19.30 (local time) was conducted an experiment open to an audience of experts and a few journalists. Professor Arata and his colleagues have changed the whole mindset of nuclear physicists.
What is striking is this experiment? The test was accomplished by inserting a steel container filled with deuterium gas some palladium alloy nanoparticles. It 'worth recalling that the Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen, ie an element that has a molecular conformation similar to hydrogen. And to better understand the dimensions of nanoparticles of palladium alloy, it is appropriate to point out that a nanoparticle alloy in question is a billionth of a gram. So really submicroscopic particles. The professor, enter the particles, observed the thermal reactions. And then calculated the heat released was 100 times more 'hard that if you had used hydrogen. The energy released has operated a small internal combustion engine, which has set in motion, a demonstration, a fan. To have a rebuttal, the internal combustion engine was also tied a small generator that lit Led. The LED is a cold light, which is currently all the rage, even in portable electric torches. The LEDs have made all the more spectacular the great success of the experiment. At the end of the experiment Professor Arata has heated palladium alloy nanoparticles in order to analyze the gas trapped inside. Do you remember how we started at the beginning of the experiment, from a container filled with deuterium gas? And we also said that the Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen. The analysis of this gas, we have seen, however, that it was no longer 'of deuterium or hydrogen, but helium-4. Helium is another completely different type of hydrogen gas. It is generally used in balloons. And helium-4 has also the very special characteristics. He was satisfied that an item had been transformed into another. The Deuterium had turned to cold, in another element: helium-4. At the end of the experiment, using a total of 7 grams of the palladium alloy, have been produced over 100 k-joules of energy. This reaction is a hundred times more intense than any known chemical reaction. Perhaps it is 200 times more 'high initial energy, as in the experiment of Pons and Fleishman, but it's a magnificent result. At the end of the experiment carried out at Osaka, the public meeting decided to call all these physical reactions like this: "Arata Phenomena". The decision has caused a slight commotion in the Professor, who thanked him with a solemn bow. This was confirmed by Francesco Celani, National Research Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), was made a great step in scientific research. "It opens up a new possibility - Celaya said to journalists - because in this way are not produced radioactive elements."
what happened to THE MERGER COLD IN ITALY
many years have passed, more than fifteen, the announcement of the discovery of cold fusion by the two electrochemical University of Utah, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons.
The work of study and research so far conducted in this area, has allowed one hand to identify the line of activities that have produced results more consistent and more interesting from a scientific perspective, the other to discard those lines of research that have produced unreliable results from the statistical point of view. The studies, both theoretical and experimental, conducted in the field of materials science have led to increased control over the phenomenon and pave the way for its full understanding. On this particular issue in a growing attention in Institutions: specific funding has been allocated in Italy by the Ministry of Economic Development (former Ministry for Productive Activities). In the United States of America is an ongoing review process of the phenomenon, with funding from government agencies and large space devoted to materials science. The encouraging results obtained so far in this area create a solid premise that the path taken according to this line of research continues into the future, in a context formed by the most prestigious research institutes in the world, with all the necessary support. It is a
new situation, very different from the initial we talked with one of the most internationally known researchers involved in cold fusion, particularly in the field of materials science, Vittorio Violante of ENEA Research Centre in Frascati.
"Everything starts with great fanfare in 1989 when, following a number of experiments of chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, the cold fusion was proposed as an energy source simple, cheap, abundant and environmentally compatible. It took a few years and the stars ran the stables had been made a gross mistake, a singular example of a science show without foundation, not only because those who continued to work on research cold fusion, made him aware of putting at risk their scientific reputation. Even today, some media continue to the prospect of cold fusion energy as a great hope, mentioned the possibility of the establishment of a plot by international energy source for a boycott of the so-called 'free energy'.
That game is open, as demonstrated by the fact that large industries and private groups - Mitsubishi (Japan), EDF (France), Energetics (USA), Pirelli Labs (Italy) - are investing resources in discrete and numerous research laboratories research in various countries (Italy, ENEA, INFN and others) continue to work quietly.
What is the reason for such a reversal?
"The strong objections were born, because at those who tried to repeat the experiment of Fleischmann and Pons had very mixed. The Department of Energy (DOE) under the United States began observing the field and some laboratories of various countries who tried to repeat the experiment failed to replicate what the two chemists said they had obtained. Because reproducibility is a key factor in the definition of a scientific phenomenon, cold fusion was somehow considered 'bad science', and was in fact abandoned by most researchers and laboratories. Very few continued to do research. "
Today, after 15 years, the phenomenon can still be considered not reproducible and, therefore, somewhat random?
"The experiments showed that the excess power is made, sometimes with considerable vitality. The reproducibility of the phenomenon is still higher than that which you could get just a few years ago. The California Institute SRI International and the IMRA Japan observed that it was a phenomenon of 'threshold', ie that the excess power triggers only if you reach a level of concentration of deuterium (ie number of atoms deuterium) in the lattice of palladium below a certain value. Based on this observation, I personally have devoted much of my scientific work to try to understand why, with the same working conditions, a material such as palladium, apparently always the same, sometimes absorbing more hydrogen and sometimes absorbs less. This study lasted several years and eventually identified some aspects of thermodynamic and kinetic circulation, ENEA here we were able to create and patent a type of the metal and a process to achieve it, that it can reproduce in a reliable threshold required concentration of the triggering phenomenon. "
So you were able to allow reproducibility famous?
"More precisely, we have created, type of electrolyte systems in deuterium-palladium, reliable reproducibility of the critical threshold loading. We have supplied our materials to other research groups, in order to make other laboratories in a position to see the phenomenon of excess capacity, improving the chances of success. Of course, there is still a real controlled reproducibility: for example, we are still working on controlling the start-up phenomenon, which so far we are not able to start on command. However, we have created the conditions so that, within a specified time, the phenomenon it occurs with a certain probability. "So it's important to improve the situation and 'transfer' of reproducibility, a complete lack of research in early 1989."
At what point are you then?
"To change the cards on the table was the scientific event in August 2003, the International Conference on Cold Fusion held in Boston. I and other researchers from foreign institutions, including some who had used the materials developed by ENEA, presented the positive results, which convinced some American academics to think again about the matter to the DOE, so svolgesse new checks. In fact was carried out extensive analysis of available data in the literature, following which a comparison was brought live with some experts. Confrontation that took place in August 2004 in Washington, where five American scientists and one from a European Institute - I - have discussed before a board of qualified referees searches made and results achieved. After several months of evaluation, the DOE issued the verdict, a significant number of referees felt that the phenomenon was considered a real effect, not the fruit of imagination or of bad measures, and that the matter deserved to be studied, neither more nor less like other science subjects. " Also in the Concluding Document of the DOE argues that one of the areas where we need to concentrate their studies is the science of materials.
short, a reflection, in which the DOE has admitted the mistake of the past?
"Not really, rather than the approval of a revision process. That is the realization that the situation is different today from the initial one in 1989, and that the work done in the next fifteen years by various research laboratories, such as ENEA, has changed the terms of the question. "
ENEA, thanks to the work in the field of materials science, has played a crucial role in not only scored reasonably reproducible results and signals conclusive, but has contributed usefully to other institutions with similar results.
Which countries are most active in research on cold fusion?
"In addition to Italy, the ENEA, INFN and some universities, including the Department of" Energy ", University 'La Sapienza' di Roma with whom we work closely, there is a discrete activity in the U.S. France, Japan, Russia and China. Our country is also well placed, and our findings are very popular abroad. "
Returning to the problem, there is now agreement about its origin? Yes can certainly talk about nuclear fusion, or there are still questions, such as possible chemical processes?
"Based on the known science, based on measurements of heat, it is difficult to explain the phenomena that we record as chemical effects. Let me explain. A calorimeter is to measure the balance between the power that is fed from outside the system and what the system outputs. When in our experiments if there is an excess of power (in output greater than input), the energy gain that results is such that if it was redistributed to all the particles in the electrode system (metal atoms as atoms deuterium) would give rise to a number energy per atom of 10 to 100 times greater than the maximum energy associated with a chemical bond. If we accept the idea that the chemical nature of the problem is that we should support our 'electrodes' reactions take place with items that have obtained the chemical bonds of tens or hundreds of electron volts is currently not known and is thus of other phenomena that on the basis of our knowledge, can only be nuclear in nature. Also it should be noted that, with respect to palladium, the excesses of power are achieved only with deuterium and with hydrogen; another clue, this, that identifies the nature of the phenomenon associated with a nuclear fusion process, which proceeds in a manner different than is the case in plasmas. Ultimately this type of experiment we should expect, as a signature of the future nuclear process, an increase in the concentration (amount) of helium far above those that are the natural values \u200b\u200bcan be detected in the air that surrounds us. Some measures, even if preliminary, carried out in institutions including the Energy Department and the SR from my laboratory in ENEA, they noted that, in conjunction with the phenomenon of power production, there is an increase in the concentration of helium ( cells in experimental sealed tightly and made with high vacuum technology) than to environmental values \u200b\u200band in quantities consistent with the excess energy produced. Although these measures of helium and the correlation with the energy produced was presented to us and to referees dall'Sri the DOE in 2004. These and other results presented by American colleagues were taken into account in drafting the final document of the DOE where it is explicitly said that another area where it is appropriate to focus the research is just like the ashes of nuclear research. It is believed that the process is due to a fusion of deuterium nuclei with the production of heat and helium, without emission of radiation ".
And now? Where is directing the research?
"After the establishment of the DOE, has begun a review process which is divided into two phases: first, the 'definition', nearing completion, is based on the use of electrodes that we produce here at ENEA Frascati, why are those who have provided a level of reproducibility and acceptable levels of unambiguous signal. The U.S. laboratory that was responsible for carrying out the first phase of review, the Sri, for example, using our electrodes and Energetics of the calorimetric system. A second phase of the review process in fact, is expected when the targets are met for the first. "
After the first phase could start thinking about applications of some kind, such as energy production?
"No, look, it's not really appropriate to speak of energy applications, or of another type. We are still in a phase of basic research and there is really an opportunity to comment on hypothetical applications not say, but even studies on the possibility of a technological nature without having first defined the physical system. An engineer makes a technology project, very experimental, but it leaves hope for possible developments, it needs to mathematical equations that can be processed only when all the physical process is fully understood and defined. We are taking the first steps to rebuild, to define and understand the scenario in front of which we are. Then we do not know if there may be applications of this kind, but it is already something very important to ensure the existence of a phenomenon such as cold fusion and I can say that we are beginning to define it. "
Source: http://titano.sede.enea.it/Stampa/skin2col.php?page=eneaperdettagliofigli&id=78
Reflections
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The reaction was achieved by a common component of normal water, abundant and easy to extract. -
The reaction produced in gaseous helium and excess heat. -
No radiation, ie, no fuel or radioactive waste and toxic to the environment and living things. One feature that instantly made obsolete and unnecessary nuclear power stations and all research conducted on fission and fusion hot. -
a Hot Cold Fusion (part II)
a Hot Cold Fusion (part I)
From Iraq continue to get an avalanche of news that is ignored by the press on the trickle of teachers, professors and scientists Iraqis who are killed in apparent robbery and attempted kidnapping. Until now several hundred, a real war in the shadows of the intelligentsia that country to deprive them of its major exponents of culture and science.
We in the West is not that things are much better. Do you remember the dozen or so British scientists mysteriously assassinated a few years ago? Or the "suicide" of the physicist who had complained to the BBC that there are no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq?
Even in these hours the news of the barbaric murder of Eugene Mallove, which occurred in Connecticut, has quickly made the rounds of the United States and the world.
During the radio show by Art Bell, host Richard Hoagland has been literally shocked and wanted to call Norwich police believed that it was a false report. After the tragic confirmation Hoagland recalled the work of Mallove on Cold Fusion emphasizing how this crime occurred on the eve of big announcements.
over fifteen years as an Mallove was exclusively dedicated to the dissemination of studies and research on the Free Energy. His professionalism, not as a journalist who covers science but also as a scientist who took care of information, enabled him to understand exactly the potential of some issues, to identify its applications in society and to easily identify the detractors and the false information disseminated by the so-called "official science".
Reconstructing the history of Cold Fusion from the first experiment of Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, took place at the University of Salt Lake City in 1989, we can not forget that:
- In 1991 the then U.S. President George Bush, to give a Cut to the controversy were born after the experiment, the MIT commissioned to replicate the tests and compile a report.
- The final report of the President who arrived on the desk, filled out and signed by the rector John Deutch of MIT, concluded "evidence" that the nuclear reaction was only a "fraud" and decrying the many scientists who were interested in the research and highlighting that " was produced absolutely no reaction. " That is the biggest scientific fraud in recent centuries.
Eugene Mallove
- But there was a problem, our Eugene Mallove, with his formidable flair for old fox MIT, he obtained a copy of the notes of the original laboratory experiments.
The data showed that fraud, but against all humanity.
It was confirmed that:
MIT Experiments showed that Cold Fusion was able to eliminate the social needs of the hydrocarbons for energy production.
But Professor Deutch said to President Bush that it was just a simple fraud! In May 1995
surprise, the newly elected President Clinton appointed Professor John Deutch Director of Central Intelligence Agency, the CIA!
But in 1996 the intelligence community U.S. realized that there had been heavy leakage of sensitive information, high level of security. A commission headed by the Inspector General with full powers began its investigation.
was discovered a terrible reality, later admitted by Deutch, the director takes home a huge amount of sensitive materials shed with its personal computers connected to the network of Citibank where he was one of the leaders.
Although surveys show that those computers were email exchanges with Russia and Israel and made access to many pornographic sites, John Deutch was not taken away the go-ahead on industrial safety of the Pentagon.
was forced to resign as director CIA December 15, 1996 and returned to MIT professor and adviser to the armaments industries Raytheon Corp., SAIC and others.
His behavior at the top of the U.S. government gave rise to legal proceedings that could have led all'incriminazione for high treason.
Do not worry! The day before returning its mandate granted to the good Clinton Deutch and other 99 people a presidential pardon. All dead. All Clean. It begins again.
As we have seen, Eugene Mallove had discovered that the experimental data showed that the representations made to President George Bush by the rector John Deutch of MIT was completely false. And as it bugiardone, appointed by Bill Clinton's CIA director, had lost the important position because of a serious leak of confidential information. His home computer had been found full of internal documents of the CIA, with traces of message exchanges with Israel, with Russia as well as plenty of access to porn sites. Wanker liar as well as our standard of science.
should be recalled that during his tenure Deutch (born in Belgium in 1938) had a serious battle with the New York Times about the organization of the revelations by the CIA and crack cocaine trafficking in Los Angeles over the years 80.
Returning to MIT as Professor Deutch has maintained positions as a consultant for major corporations including Raytheon (arms), Perkin-Elmer, Schlumberger (pharmaceuticals), SAIC, and Citibank. The same Citibank
now under investigation for massive international activities of money laundering and for speculating on holdings of American Airlines and United Airlines a week well before the tragic September 11, 2001. What a coincidence, just as Professor Deutch sat on the board of directors of the banking giant.
Do not worry, 14 October 2003 the Commission of the U.S. Congress on the terrorist attacks of September 11 calls just John Deutch to provide its valuable expert tips for effective reorganization of the entire U.S. intelligence apparatus. We'll see the results.
Meanwhile, more than the Iraqi front is heating up even one of Cold Fusion and the last few weeks have been eventful.
In "The 2004 Cold Fusion Report", a 54-page report to the U.S. Department of Energy cost him four years of work and analysis of over 3,000 research papers to the two officers Steven Krivit and Nadine Winocur, demonstrates unequivocally that :
Over 150 scientists from around the world, including 60 physicists, say, data in hand as the FF is a nuclear reaction at low temperature verifiable, reproducible and free of harmful radiation or nuclear waste.
The report to the DOE, according to Kenneth Chang of The New York Times: "Bring the followers of the FF at the apex of revenge after years of ridiculous waste."
The April issue of Physics Today explains how the U.S. Department of Energy has decided to review the research on cold fusion in the last fifteen years.
James Corey, manager of Sandia National Laboratories technological unit of the U.S. government, says "It 's late arrival in a revolution in science, and the reputation of the scientists of the FF and those who are injured will be reversed. "
Sharon Begley, scientist of the Wall Street Journal points out that the fusion Cold can be considered a "pathological science" not for lack of evidence, but because scientists had to analyze it were not willing to consider or even discuss it.
It 's easy that this "pathological science" has been able to evolve into paranoid and trying to stem the tide of progress uncontrollable clean one of the first that it was paying its quell'Eugene Mallove that his activities had kept alive the torch of hope.
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